Which of the following is a typical aging-related change in swallowing?

• A. Increased tongue base retraction.
• B. No change in swallow timing with aging.
• C. Reduced pharyngeal peristalsis.
• D. Increased laryngeal elevation.

Answer: (C)

Aging affects swallowing through presbyphagia, where neuromuscular changes lead to a slower, less forceful pharyngeal phase. The most typical aging-related change is a reduction in pharyngeal peristalsis—the coordinated contractions that push the bolus downward. When pharyngeal constrictors lose strength and coordination, the bolus clearance is less efficient, which can result in more residue and a higher risk of airway invasion, especially with liquids.

The other options don’t fit the common aging pattern. Tongue base retraction isn’t typically increased with age; swallow timing is often delayed or prolonged rather than unchanged; and laryngeal elevation tends to decrease, not increase, with aging due to weaker muscles supporting the hyoid and larynx.